Economic and Energy Assessment of the Use of Wind Microturbines in Selected Areas of Poland – A Case Study
Purpose: A presentation of the economic assessment and actual performance of low-voltage small-scale wind power installations with a total height not exceeding 3 meters. Design/Methodology/Approach: An assessment of the technical and economic feasibility of implementing residential micro-wind installations up to 3 meters in height in national prosumer systems using horizontal-axis (HAWT) and vertical-axis (VAWT) turbines designed for microscale electrical installations. The analysis examined the impact of the near-surface wind layer on the energy and economic performance of mini wind turbines. An economic analysis of the investment costs of mini wind turbines for two locations in Poland was presented. Findings: It has been shown that vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) are more practical in densely built-up areas than their horizontal-axis counterparts (HAWTs). Although VAWTs have a slightly lower theoretical energy conversion efficiency, their ability to operate in variable and turbulent wind conditions without the need for constant directional adjustment ensures more stable energy production throughout the year. This is particularly important in near-surface conditions, where wind speeds are limited and the turbine can start operating even at low wind speeds. Local atmospheric and terrain conditions have a decisive impact on the actual performance of the analysed installations. Simulations conducted for two different regions of Poland indicate that in areas with higher wind speeds, such as the coast, annual energy production can reach levels that enable a rapid return on investment—even within about 5 years with the support of subsidy programs. In contrast, in the central parts of the country, where average wind speeds are lower, mini-turbines serve as a supplement to other energy sources rather than a standalone solution, due to the reduction in wind speed caused by the ruggedness of the terrain. Practical Implications: The results presented here can be used during the planning phase of small wind turbine projects to assess their economic and energy-related viability. Originality/Value: It has been demonstrated that mini wind turbines can complement photovoltaic systems, creating hybrid systems with greater stability. Their peak production occurs during the fall and winter months, when photovoltaic panels generate the least amount of energy, which improves the overall energy balance and supports sustainable development goals. Low-voltage mini wind turbines with limited height represent a promising option for the decentralization of energy production in Poland. Along with rising costs of traditional energy sources and regulatory support, they can contribute to increasing the energy self-sufficiency of individual users, thereby supporting the development of sustainable local energy structures.