System and Technology Integration for Tracking Shipments in Rail Transport on the New Silk Road: Research Results
Purpose: The objective of this paper is to analyse the possibilities of improving logistics processes in the import of goods from China to Poland within the New Silk Road by applying GS1 standards, with particular emphasis on radio frequency identification (RFID) technology in rail transport. The research focuses on the integration of the identification of transport units, goods, and transactions, as well as on indicating the potential of these solutions for improving logistics processes efficiency in supply chains. Design/Methodology/Approach: The paper presents a functional and informational analysis of transport processes and customs procedures along the New Silk Road, taking into account the transport document flow (CIM, SMGS), identification standards (GTIN, SSCC, GSIN, GIAI), as well as IT systems used by the postal operator and its partners (EN, IPS, ZST, Microsoft Dynamics AX). On this basis, a logical model for RFID implementation in accordance with GS1 standards was proposed, enabling automatic identification and real-time monitoring of transport units. Findings: The results indicate that current rolling stock and container marking systems are limited in terms of automatic identification and require expert knowledge. The RFID application allows for the creation of a globally unique identification system based on GIAI, linked to the EVN number and container numbers. The equipment requirements for a train consisting of a locomotive, 40 wagons, and 40 containers were estimated, indicating the need to install 81 passive tags and 48 trackside readers, which enables effective tracking of transport over a distance of approximately 9,500 km. Practical implications: The proposed model integrates identification and monitoring processes, supports the digitization of customs procedures, increases the transparency of goods flows, and enhances the competitiveness of Polish logistics operators in global supply chains. This solution can be used by postal operators, rail carriers, shipment consolidators, customs services, and transport safety supervisory institutions. Originality value: The paper contributes to the literature by proposing an integrated, empirical model for the application of GS1 standards in international logistics, combining RFID, GIAI, and the EVN numbering system. This approach enables a quantitative assessment of the transport units flow, enhances system interoperability, and provides a starting point for ongoing research on the digitization and automation of rail transport in Poland in the context of the New Silk Road.