Managing Key Competences and Human Capital Development in Early Education in the Polish Education System: Analysis of Teachers' Skills in Assessing Students' Personal Achievements
Purpose: Analysis of descriptive assessments of students in grades I-III on school certificates in terms of taking into account and formulating their personal achievements oriented towards key competences. Design/methodology/approach: Document analysis (qualitative content analysis). Findings: Teachers include and describe students' personal achievements within three key competences: personal, social, and learning; civic; entrepreneurial. A low representation of descriptions of achievements related to cultural awareness and expression competences was found. Certificates were found in which teachers did not include or describe any personal achievements of the students. Practical implications: The results of the research indicate that despite the requirements of educational law regarding equal treatment and descriptive assessment, there are challenges in their implementation, which may lead to discrimination against some students (inability to obtain knowledge about themselves and potential lack of support in building self-esteem). It is necessary to train teachers in the skills of developing and appreciating students' personal achievements in a key competences-oriented approach. Originality/value: The article fills a research gap regarding the personal achievements of students oriented towards key competences in their social dimension at the first educational stage. The study focuses on promoting teachers' social awareness of the development of students' personal achievements as a predictor of labour market performance.