Mapping Innovativeness: The Evidence from the European Union Countries
Purpose: It is widely accepted that a country's innovativeness plays a crucial role in driving economic growth and development, improving competitiveness, and creating new opportunities for individuals and businesses. Innovative countries are better able to adapt to changing market conditions and technological advances, giving them a competitive advantage in global markets. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the innovation levels of the 27 EU countries. Design/Methodology/Approach: The innovativeness of the countries under examination was assessed using four selected indicators (RandD expenditure, RandD personnel and researchers, patent applications to the European Patent Office, and exports of high technology products) through two quantitative methods (composite measure and Data Envelopment Analysis). Findings: According to this dual approach, the top innovators among the 27 EU countries are Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Ireland. These countries demonstrate significant innovation potential and high efficiency in translating pro-innovation inputs into actual innovations. Conversely, Poland, Slovakia, Lithuania, Croatia, and Greece are identified as having the lowest levels of innovativeness in the EU. Practical Implications: The findings of this study can be utilized to identify the strengths and weaknesses of EU countries and guide policies aimed at supporting innovation performance. Originality/Value: The study complements the existing knowledge in the literature with evidence-based discussion on innovation leaders and laggards within the European Union, thereby contributing valuable knowledge to the field of innovation policy and strategy.